In what has been described as the largest gas trade deal in the history of Cairo-Tel Aviv relations, Israel’s NewMed Energy—holder of a 45% stake in the giant Leviathan field in the Eastern Mediterranean—has announced a new agreement to expand natural gas exports to Egypt.
Valued at approximately $35 billion and extending until 2040, the agreement entails the supply of around 130 billion cubic meters of gas. Egyptian Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouly has defended the deal as part of the country’s plan to become a regional energy hub, leveraging the liquefaction plants in Idku and Damietta.
A “Historic” Deal with Hidden Costs
Behind what Tel Aviv has hailed as a “historic agreement” lie burdensome terms for Egypt. Notably, a key clause was scrapped—one that previously allowed Cairo to reduce import volumes if Brent crude fell below $50 per barrel. This amendment effectively obliges Egypt to pay the full contract price at current rates, even if global prices drop or domestic demand wanes.
This latest agreement marks the third revision of an original 2018 deal. Initially, it stipulated 64 billion cubic meters, increased in 2019 to 85.3 billion, and now expanded to 130 billion cubic meters through 2040, with the deal’s value soaring from $15 billion to $35 billion.
Under the plan, the first phase is scheduled to begin next year with 20 billion cubic meters, followed by a second phase after Leviathan’s expansion and the construction of a new pipeline, adding a further 110 billion cubic meters. Production capacity is already being upgraded from 1.2 to 2.35 billion cubic feet per day.
Currently, Leviathan supplies Egypt with about 4.5 billion cubic meters annually. That figure is expected to rise to 6.5 and then 12 billion cubic meters—equivalent to 10–19% of Egypt’s projected 2024 gas consumption of 62.2 bcm.
Restrictive Clauses for Egypt
The revised agreement includes stringent financial commitments, particularly the “Take or Pay” clause, requiring Blue Ocean Energy—representing the Egyptian side—to pay for contracted gas regardless of actual delivery or need. This global industry standard effectively forces Egypt to pay even when it no longer needs the gas or chooses not to import it from Israel.
The new deal also eliminates Egypt’s previous right to scale back imports if Brent falls below $50 per barrel, locking the country into high-cost commitments regardless of market fluctuations.
A Temporary Advantage for Cairo
Amid declining domestic production, Israeli gas currently remains cheaper for Egypt than liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports. The deal secures 130 bcm for an estimated $35 billion, averaging around $7.35 per million BTUs. Yet this pricing advantage may be short-lived, as Leviathan and Tamar partners are reportedly seeking future price hikes.
In addition, deliveries are subject to approval by Israel’s Ministry of Energy, which can invoke force majeure to suspend exports—something it has done four times since October 7, redirecting supply to its domestic market.
How Egypt Rescued Israel’s Gas Sector
In 2009, Israel discovered Leviathan, one of the largest gas fields in the Eastern Mediterranean, boasting over 600 bcm in reserves. But for nearly a decade, development stalled due to the limited Israeli market, which couldn’t justify the billions in required investments.
Cairo provided the breakthrough. In February 2018, Egyptian, Israeli, and American companies signed a “lifesaving” deal to supply 64 bcm over ten years for $15 billion. President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi heralded it as a strategic win. The deal made Leviathan commercially viable and paved the way for more investment.
In 2019, the deal was upgraded to 85 bcm over 15 years for $19.5 billion. In January 2020, the first shipments reached Egypt, reversing a decade-old flow of gas from Egypt to Israel.
Between then and May 2025, Egypt has spent $8.2 billion on Israeli gas, with imports rising from 2.2 bcm in 2020 to over 10 bcm in 2024. Even during the Gaza war, Egypt continued purchasing gas—totaling $4.5 billion between October 2023 and May 2025. The trade relationship grew by 21% in 2024 to $3.2 billion, of which $2.9 billion were Egyptian imports.
What Is Leviathan?
Leviathan is a cornerstone of the region’s gas economy, jointly owned by NewMed Energy (45.34%), Chevron (39.66%, operator), and Ratio Energies (15%).
It comprises four offshore wells connected to twin pipelines stretching 120 km under the sea to an onshore processing platform, supplying gas to Israel, Jordan, and Egypt—currently 4.5 bcm per year to Cairo.
Driven by Egypt’s growing demand, the operators have announced a $2.5 billion expansion plan to boost exports to 6.5 bcm by 2025, then to 12 bcm annually. The expansion includes two new wells, a third supply line, and a new onshore pipeline linking Israel directly to Egypt.
Chevron resumed expansion works in February 2025 after delays from the Gaza war. NewMed CEO Yossi Abu called the agreement a “win-win,” emphasizing that Egypt is securing cheaper gas than the global LNG market.
Back to 2017: Opening the Gas Market
On August 7, 2017, President al-Sisi signed the long-anticipated Gas Market Law (No. 196/2017), allowing private firms to import gas—under regulatory oversight.
This law followed pressure from Spanish firm Union Fenosa, which owned 52% of the Damietta plant. Due to gas shortages, it halted operations and filed for international arbitration, demanding compensation. It later hinted it would drop the case if allowed to import Israeli gas.
Meanwhile, Israel sought export routes for surplus gas from Leviathan and Tamar. Egypt’s liquefaction plants in Idku and Damietta offered the needed infrastructure, with capacities of up to 700,000 tons per day.
The arrangement served both nations: Egypt resolved arbitration disputes and revived idle infrastructure; Israel gained export access. The 2017 law was the legal gateway.
Who Really Imported the Gas?
When Egypt opted to import Israeli gas, it needed a front man—reminiscent of Hussein Salem’s role in the Mubarak era. Salem, a regime insider, brokered Egypt’s gas export deal to Israel, later deemed a symbol of corruption.
In 2015, the little-known Dolphinus Holdings emerged as this intermediary. Chaired by textile magnate Alaa Arafa (founder of Concrete), with no prior energy experience, the firm signed a landmark $15 billion deal in 2018 to import 64 bcm over 10 years.
To navigate legal complexities, Arafa enlisted energy veteran Khaled Abou Bakr, head of the AmCham energy committee. Together they launched Blue Ocean in Luxembourg—fully owned by Dolphinus—with three listed directors: Arafa, Abou Bakr, and Mohamed Talaat Khalifa.
Luxembourg offered generous tax breaks, banking secrecy, and double-taxation treaties with Israel, allowing them to pay less than 1% in taxes and none in Israel.
Then came full liberalization of Egypt’s gas market, granting private firms access to national pipelines and infrastructure.
A Security Apparatus Joins the Game
In May 2018, the Egyptian General Intelligence’s company East Gas partnered with Blue Ocean to form Energy Solutions, based in Switzerland’s tax-friendly Zug canton. Registered with just $20,000 in capital, the board included Arafa, Abou Bakr, Khalifa, and East Gas chairman Mohamed Shoeib.
This wasn’t just about imports—it was about controlling the infrastructure. Reversing the East Mediterranean Gas Pipeline (EMG), which once sent Egyptian gas to Israel, now facilitated the opposite flow.
To increase leverage, Egypt’s intelligence-backed East Gas established Sphinx in the Netherlands—another tax haven—to discreetly buy stakes in the pipeline. Sphinx then co-founded EMED with Delek and Noble, acquiring a 39% stake in EMG. In return for dropping arbitration claims, Egypt secured an additional 9%.
Ironically, Mohamed Shoeib—the same official who halted gas exports to Israel in 2012—now oversaw this reversal. Through its stake in EMG, Egypt gained voting power and legal relief: gas imports in exchange for dropped penalties.
The deal also gave Delek and Noble access to a second pipeline linking Aqaba and El-Arish, ensuring gas flows even if Sinai infrastructure is hit.
The Winner: Egypt’s Intelligence-Linked Firm
East Gas emerged as the biggest beneficiary: earning pipeline fees, reselling gas at a profit, and controlling the Jordan-Egypt route. All while its owners, sheltered in Luxembourg, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, avoid taxes and scrutiny.
An Unequal Relationship
As of 2023, natural gas accounts for nearly half (48.7%) of Egypt’s energy mix and over 76% of electricity generation. While discoveries in 2015–2016 fueled optimism, production plummeted in 2022 and 2023.
Egypt has shifted from exporter to importer, with Israeli gas filling 14% of local supply by early 2024. The $35 billion deal averages $2.3 billion annually—just 3.8% of Israel’s 2024 exports. In other words, Egypt is now energy-dependent on Israel, while Israel is only marginally reliant on gas exports.
This imbalance gives Israel a powerful lever—particularly in the context of Gaza, displacement, and border issues. Without international guarantees, Egypt remains vulnerable to energy blackmail at any moment.
